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Permutations

Introduction:

►  The Factorial:

n! = n (n – 1) (n – 2) ......3.2.1.

Properties of Logarithmic Function:

log (ab) = log a + log b         (a, b > 0)

log(a/b) = log a – log b        (a, b > 0)

log a^m = m log a                     (a  > 0, m ∊ R)

log_a a = 1                                  (a > 0, a ≠ 1)

                 (a,b > 0, b ≠ 1, m & n ∊ R – {0})

log_b a = (1/log_a b)                  (a, b > 0, a ≠ 1)

(a) Sexagesimal  (or English) System:

(b) Centesimal (OR French System):